There are many myths surrounding the Confederate States of America and the “Civil War”. For example, the terms “Civil War” and “War Between the States” are both an incorrect title to give the war as you shall soon realize.
A Civil War is when two factions are fighting for control over the government. The Confederacy had no desire to control Washington, DC. The CSA was a Nation fighting for its Independence FROM Washington, DC.
A War between States would exist if, for example, Kansas were to be at war with Missouri. The Nation of the Confederate States of America was at war with the Nation of the United States of America. Clearly the war was not between States.
You may be wondering, “What should I call that war?” well, the answer is actually quite simple. Considering the Confederacy was fighting for Independence, an apt title would be “The War for Southern Independence”. Secondly, the North illegally invaded and attacked the South for seceding; therefore “The War of Northern Aggression” would be an apt title as well.
The next thing you may be thinking is, “The War was over Independence? I thought the War was about Slavery?” That is a common myth perpetuated by the Union from the time of Lincoln’s “Emancipation Proclamation” to this very day.
As you have most likely suffered from a Reconstructionist’s view of history, you may find it hard to believe that the war was not about Slavery. However, Abraham Lincoln’s own words should go a long way to making my point:
“If there be those who would not save the Union, unless they could at the same time save slavery, I do not agree with them. If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at the same time destroy slavery, I do not agree with them. My paramount objective in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union.”
You may then counter with “Ah ha! Even if the war was not about Slavery, it was about ‘preserving the Union’”; however, you would be wrong. Lincoln was not trying to “save the Union”; Lincoln was trying to save his tax base as you will soon see.
The Confederacy seceded from the Union for many reasons political, religious, philosophical, cultural, historical, and economic. Discussion of Slavery played a role in those areas of debate, but in order for you to put everything in perspective, you have to understand the issues that led to secession, and ultimately war. I will be briefly summarizing the areas of contention below, before settling on what was probably the biggest reason the South seceded… Economics:
Historical and Cultural Differences:
Those who settled in the North were primarily of English and Danish decent. Those that settled in the South were primarily of French, Scottish, and Irish decent. As you know, the English and the Danes had a long history of animosity with the French, the Scottish, and the Irish. That animosity continued during the settling of the United States.
The North has always been more “progressive” in terms of culture, while the South has always been more conservative.
There were, and still are, vast differences in cuisine, music, slang, etc.
Political and Philosophical Differences:
The North held a Federalists (Alexander Hamilton) view of government while the South held an Anti-federalist (Thomas Jefferson) view of government. The power of the Federal Beast was growing, much to the dismay of the South.
Religious Differences:
The North was primarily of a liberal theological belief; and Unitarianism thrived within the populace. The South was primarily of a conservative theological belief, and Unitarianism was primarily rejected.
The Economic Issues that Lead to Secession:
Here is where we get to the crux of what pushed the South over the edge; just like our forefathers in 1776.
There are a few facts you should know before we proceed in order for you to keep everything in perspective.
In 1861 the population of the North was about 20 million, while the population of the South was about 9 million.
The South had an agrarian economy which relied heavily on exports to Europe. The North, however, was heavily industrialized. Comparatively, the South only produced about 10% of all manufactured goods. Regardless of these facts, if the South of 1860 was assessed as its own Nation, it would have been the 4th wealthiest Nation in the world with Southern exports accounting for over 70% of all exports from the United States up to the time of Secession.
Tariffs:
Tariffs were in effect since the inception of the US Constitution of 1787; however they did not begin in earnest until after the War of 1812. The North had a “Protectionists” attitude when it came to tariffs which contradicted the South’s desire for “Free Trade”. With the South being the chief exporter of goods, high tariffs hurt them the most.
A tariff enacted in 1816 of 25 cent per yard of cheap cotton cloth (a major export of the South) was used to shelter New England mills from English competition by making Southern cotton so expensive to buy that it virtually removed it from the American marketplace.
The fierce opposition of New England shipping interests and Southern plantations led to the Tariff of 1828, called the “Tariff of Abominations”, which almost caused the South to secede at that time. The Tariff of 1828 forced the South to buy manufactured goods at inflated prices, while at the same time facing reduced income due to the loss of sale of raw goods.
In late 1832, South Carolina attempted a protest by enacting an Ordinance of Nullification stating that the States had a right to nullify a Federal law that the State found aberrant. The Order essentially made null the Tariffs imposed in 1828 and 1832.
President Andrew Jackson responded by sending seven naval vessels and a man-of-war to Charleston. He then issued a proclamation against the nullifiers stating they “stood on the brink of insurrection and treason”. President Jackson then appealed to the citizens to reassert their allegiance to the Union. Congress then passed a “Force Bill” authorizing the President to take whatever action he deemed fit to enforce the law.
The situation was defused in early 1833 by Senator Henry Clay (a protectionists and rival of Jackson’s, and who would serve as a mentor to Abraham Lincoln) who pushed through a compromise measure. The compromise stated that the Tariffs would be steadily reduced over the course of 10 years to the level of the 1816 Tariff.
The conflict in 1832 and 1833 showed the South that they did not have to put up with the Federal Government, which planted the seed of secession.
In 1857 the biggest of many “Panics” occurred when Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co. collapsed due to embezzlement. On top of this event, there was a series of other setbacks, including British investors removing money from the US Banks, the fall of grain prices, Russia’s re-entry into the global markets after the Crimean War, the stockpiling of manufactured goods causing layoffs, and widespread railroad failures; all of which contributed to severe economic setbacks which primarily impacted the North.
In 1857 a new, lower tariff was put in place to allow the South better income, however, the North then instituted higher interest rates on the South; essentially burdening the South with the task of pulling the North from its economic problems. Tensions between the North and South began to increase dramatically.
By 1860, the South was paying 87% of all tariffs, 83% of federal fishing bounties paid to New England fishermen; as well as payments totaling $35 million to Northern shippers who had a monopoly on shipping from Southern ports. The South was essentially paying all of the bills.
In 1860, the final straw was placed on the camel’s back… the Republican Lincoln was elected President. Among the Republican platform was a call for higher tariffs; which was enacted as the Morris Tariff in 1861, signed by President Buchannan prior to Lincoln taking the oath of office.
The Morris Tariff was the highest tariff in US history, imposing a 50% duty on iron, 25% on clothing, with other rates averaging about 47%.
The Tariff was imposed in March of 1861, and the South seceded by April of 1861.
Was the war about slavery or economic tyranny? You do the math.
References and Further Reading:
www.wikipedia.com
www.answers.com
www.encyclopedia.com
Encyclopedia Britannica
www.nps.gov